Semantic Depth of Field – Using Blur for Focus + Context

نویسنده

  • Robert Kosara
چکیده

One central task in information visualization and related fields (like volume and flow visualization) is displaying information in a context that makes it easier for users to understand. Blur is a visual cue that has been playing an important role in photography for over 150 years, but has been widely ignored in computer graphics. Sharp objects in photographs immediately attract the viewer’s gaze – distinguishing between sharp and blurred objects therefore is very well suited for directing the viewer’s attention to certain objects or parts of the image. In this thesis, a method called Semantic Depth of Field (SDOF) is proposed, which blurs currently irrelevant objects and thus guides the viewer’s attention. This method only requires one additional value for each data point: its relevance. This relevance is then translated into a blur level, which is used for drawing objects. The user has full control over the functions involved in this process. A number of applications is shown to demonstrate the usefulness of SDOF. Because blur is known to be slow, a method for fast blurring of objects is also presented, which makes it possible to use SDOF in interactive applications. The results of a user study are also presented, which showed that SDOF is a preattentive feature, i.e., can be perceived within 200 ms, and does not require serial search. SDOF is also not significantly slower than color when used in search tasks; and it does not decrease performance when combined with another feature, as is usually the case. Zusammenfassung Ein zentrales Thema in der Informationsvisualisierung, wie auch in anderen Bereichen (etwa Volumensund Strömungsvisualisierung), ist die Darstellung von Information in einem Kontext, der die Daten leichter erfassbar macht. Unschärfe ist eine visuelle Eigenschaft, die in der Fotografie seit über 150 Jahren eine wichtige Rolle spielt, dies in der Computergrafik aber so gut wie gar nicht tut. Scharfe Objekte oder Bereiche in einem Foto erregen aber sofort die Aufmerksamkeit des Betrachters/der Betrachterin – der Unterschied zwischen scharfen und unscharfen Objekten eignet sich daher ausgezeichnet, die Aufmerksamkeit auf bestimmte Dinge zu lenken. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode namens Semantic Depth of Field (SDOF) vorgeschlagen, die durch Unschärfe weniger wichtige Objekte weniger sichtbar macht, und damit die Aufmerksamkeit des Benutzers lenkt. Diese Methode benötigt nur eine zusätzliche Information pro Datenpunkt: dessen Relevanz. Diese wird in eine Unschärfe übersetzt, die dann zum Zeichnen von Objekten benutzt wird. Der/die BenuterIn hat volle Kontrolle über die Funktionen, die in dieser Übersetzung verwendet werden. Eine Reihe von Applikationen, die SDOF einsetzen, wird besprochen um dessen Nutzen zu demonstrieren. Weil Unschärfe in der Computergrafik als langsam bekannt ist, wird eine Technik vorgestellt, die es möglich macht, SDOF in interaktiven Applikationen einzusetzen. Außerdem wird von den Ergebnissen einer Studie berichtet, in der gezeigt werden konnte, dass SDOF ein präattentives Merkmal ist, also innerhalb von 200 ms und ohne serielle Suche wahrgenommen wird. SDOF ist auch nich signifikant langsamer als Farbe in Suchaufgaben, und es verlängert die Suchzeit nicht signifikant, wenn nach der Kombination von SDOF und einem anderen Merkmal gesucht wird – wie das sonst der Fall ist.

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تاریخ انتشار 2001